What is programming? Explain the generation of Programming languages.

Programming?

• The process of writing a program following the grammar of the programming language is known as Programming.
• The process of using programming language to instruct the computer is known as Programming.
• Computers are dumb, we make them smart by programming.

How do we write code?

• To properly send instructions to the computer we need a programming language.
• We used IDE (Integrated Development Environment). It is a place where we write, run and debug the code and also convert it into machine code.
• Each language has its own set of rules you must follow within IDE. It means you need syntax.

Programming Language?

• •The language which employs to interact with computers is known as a computer or programming language.
• •Computer only understands machine code i.e. series of 1 and 0.
• •Programming language can be categorized into the following ways.

A. Low-Level language

1. Machine/Binary language or 1^st generation language (1GL)

2.Assembly language or 2^nd generation language (2GL)

B. High-Level language

1. Procedural-oriented language or Third generation language (3GL)

2. Problem-oriented language or Fourth generation language (4GL)

3. Natural language or Fifth generation language (5GL)

1. Low-level language

• Low-level language is closer to the hardware designs.
• Developing programs in a low-level language are time-consuming and difficult
• Programmers require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture to use this language.
• It is machine dependent language
• It is more efficient to develop hardware-oriented language.
• Low-level language can be further categorized as.
• a)Machine Language
• b)Assembly Language

a) Machine Language (1GL)

• A machine language consists of binary numbers (i.e. 0 and 1) and this is the only language that is directly understood by the computer so, a language translator is not required for translation.
• It has a very fast execution speed and efficient use of memory.
• A programmer needs knowledge of the internal architecture of computer systems to write a program.
• Programs written in Machine language are machine dependent.
• It is tedious, difficult, and time-consuming to develop and debug a program.

b) Assembly language (2GL)

• Assembly language lies between the low-level and high-level language and this language uses mnemonics (symbolic code like ADD, SUB, etc.) code to write a program instead of 1 and 0 in binary.
• Programs written in this language cannot be executed directly. It needs to translate into machine language code(object code) with the help of an assembler.
• It is easier to develop and debug programs compared to machine language.
• It is also a machine-dependent language.
• Programmers require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture.
• It is useful for developing hardware-oriented system software like device drivers.

2) High-level language

• High-level languages are closer to human languages or English-like words which makes it easy to write, read and debug the program.
• A compiler or interpreter translates the program written in a high-level language into machine language because high-level language is not directly understood by a computer.
• High language is machine-independent language. So, a program developed for a system can also be used in another system without modification.
• Examples of High-level languages are C, C++, FORTRAN, BASIC, etc.
• High-level language can be further categorized as:
• a)Procedural Oriented language (3GL)
• b)Problem-Oriented language (4GL)
• c)Natural Language (5GL)

a) Procedural-oriented language (3GL)

• It is a general-purpose programming language that is designed to express the logic and procedure of a problem.
• More advanced and user-friendly software can be developed.
• Programmers need to specify the working process of the program in detail.
• Program execution is slower than the Low language.
• Programmers don’t require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture.
• It is a machine-independent language.
• Examples are C, C++, BASIC, etc.

b) Problem-oriented language (4GL)

• It allows the user to specify what the output should be, without describing all the details of how the data should be manipulated to produce the result.
• These are result oriented and include database query languages.
• It increases the speed of developing programs.
• Reduce errors while writing programs that are easy to maintain.
• It is even easier to develop and debug programs than in procedural-oriented language.
• Web-based software can be developed.
• It is also a machine-independent language.
• Program execution is even slower and difficult to develop hardware-oriented software.
• Example: PHP, My SQL, SQL, etc.

c) Natural Language (5GL)

• It is currently being used for neural networks and is still in the stage of development.
• In this language, statements look like normal sentences.
• It will be even easier to develop and debug programs.
• It will also be machine independent language
• Programmers will not require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture and programmers don’t require specifying the working process in detail.
• Examples: PROLOG, LISP, etc.

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