by 1G
It is introduced in 1970 at Bell laboratories and deployed in the early 1980s.
analog signals are used to transmit signal/data & it is exclusively designed for voice communication and is the foundation of mobile communication.
characteristics
Its Speed was up to 2.4 Kbps, poor voice quality
The frequency is typically 800 MHz
No data security and poor battery life, poor reliability, and large phone size.
Reusing frequencies without interference through geographical separation and Neighbouring cells operate on different frequencies to avoid interference.
A voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 450 MHz and is transmitted between the radio towers. This is done using a technique called FDMA.
The technology used in 1G are AMPS(Advanced Mobilephone system developed in 1983 used in the US, South Korea & Australia), NMT(Nordic Mobile Telephony developed in 1981 used in Nothern Europe with 450 MHz and 900 MHz), TACS(Total Access communication system developed in 1983 used in England, Ireland & Japan)
The drawback of 1G
- Poor voice quality
- Poor battery life
- Call drop
- No security
- Limited Capacity
- Large phone size
2G
It is introduced in 1990 and was very successful for voice communication and used GSM technology.
It uses digital signals.
It consumed less battery power and improves voice quality.
in 2.5G uses GPRS which is a General packet Radio Service ( That means data to travel through air).
in 2.75G uses EDGE ( Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
GPRS->56.64Kbps, EDGE->170kbps
Characteristics
Data speed was up to 64 Kbps, Text and multimedia message possible, Better quality than 1G, and increased system capacity.
It uses digital modulation BPSK and QPSK and the Multiple Access techniques are TDMA and CDMA.
Less signal deterioration inside the building.
SMS, Mobility, limited data with GPRS/EDGE
Drawback
It is unable to handle complex data such as video.
Reduce range
It required digital signals for communication. If there is no network coverage then digital signals would weak.
The GSM is a circuit-switched connection-oriented technology, where the end system is dedicated for the entire call session and this causes inefficiency in the usage of bandwidth and resources.
3G
It is introduced in 2000, mainly built for voice communication and low data rate.
video call started with a data speed of 384 Kbps (144 Kbps to 21 Mbps in HSPA)
Speed: 144 Kbps, 384Kbps and 2Mbps
Send/received large email messages
High-speed web
in 3.5G uses HSDPA-> High-Speed Downlink packet Access.
in 3.5G uses HSUPA -> High-Speed Uplink packet Access.
High-order digital modulation is used in this 16 QAM.
in 3.75G uses HSPA+, 3.9G is called LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Image Sharing, High-speed web, TV streaming, and GPS based service
Fast and easy transfer of audio and video files.
More bandwidth, security, and reliability
Speech quality like wired service
Drawback
Expensive mobile phones, high infrastructure, cost like licensing fees and mobile towers, a Trained person required for infrastructure.
High bandwidth requirement, Limited High-speed users.
4G
It is introduced in 2010, having the main focus is on data and based on UMTS 3G technology.
Data rates of 1Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for high mobility users.
Optimized for all IP traffic. Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit and packet-switched network nodes, 4G is based on packet-switched only.
Wider channel support for channels up to 20MHz enabled with OFDA.
Mobile Broadband and voice-over LTE.
Data-only technology has a high data rate with cloud computing.
Focus on achieving ultra-broadband speeds.
it is 10 to 100 times faster than a 3G network.
A spectrally efficient system, high network capacity, huge data rate, perfect connectivity, and global roaming
It is high security and privacy
OFDM is used as Multiple access.
True IP based communication VOLTE (Voice Over Long Term Evolution)
4G technologies are WiMax and LTE
5G
It is introduced in 2020 and the main target is to achieve a data rate of up to 20Gbps based on IMT-2020 requirements.
5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
5G is not about changing the existing technology but enhancing and supporting them with new technologies that required a very high-speed data rate.
The Qualcomm Snapdragon X65 is designed to achieve up to 10 Gbps in the downlink peak data rate.
5G can operate in both lower bands FR1 (<6GHz) as well as mmWave FR2 (24-54GHz)
It is completely wireless communication with almost no limitations.
in 5G the Air latency in the order of 8-12 millisecond
It highly supports WWWW( Wireless world wide web)
Benefits
High speed, high capacity
providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps
Faster data transmission, large phone memory, clarity in audio and video.
It is more effective and more attractive and has more spectral efficiency (3*More than 3G)
It uses OFDMA multiple Access techniques.
